Fostering Sustainable Behavior

References

Chapter 1: Fostering Sustainable Behavior

1 Geller, E.S. (1981). Evaluating energy conservation programs: Is verbal report enough? Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 331-335.

2 Midden, C. J., Meter, J. E., Weenig, M. H., & Zieverink, H. J. (1983). Using feedback, reinforcement and information to reduce energy consumption in households: A field-experiment. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3, 65-86.

3 Jordan, J. R., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1986). Effects of two residential environmental workshops on high school students. Journal of Environmental Education, 18, 15-22.

4 Geller, E. S., Erickson, J. B., & Buttram, B. A. (1983). Attempts to promote residential water conservation with educational, behavioral and engineering strategies. Population and Environment, 6, 96-112.

5 Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., & Siegfried, W. D. (1982). Participation in voluntary auto emissions inspection. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 309-310.

6 Bickman, L. (1972). Environmental attitudes and actions. Journal of Social Psychology, 87, 323-324.

7Finger, M. (1994). From knowledge to action? Exploring the relationships between environmental experiences, learning, and behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 141-160.

8Archer, D., Pettigrew, T., Costanzo, M., Iritani, B., Walker, I. & White, L. (1987). Energy conservation and public policy: The mediation of individual behavior. Energy Efficiency: Perspectives on Individual Behavior, 69-92.

9 De Young, R. (1989). Exploring the difference between recyclers and non-recyclers: The role of information. Journal of Environmental Systems, 18, 341-351.

10 Costanzo, M., Archer, D., Aronson, E., & Pettigrew, T. (1986). Energy conservation behavior: The difficult path from information to action. American Psychologist, 41, 521-528.

11 Hirst, E. (1984). Household energy conservation: A review of the federal residential conservation service. Public Administration Review, 44, 421-430.

12 Hirst, E., Berry, L., & Soderstrom, J. (1981). Review of utility home energy audit programs. Energy, 6, 621-630.

13 Hirst, E. (1984). Household energy conservation: A review of the federal residential conservation service. Public Administration Review, 44, 421-430.

14 U.S. Department of Energy (1984). Residential conservation service evaluation report Hearings before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; Hirst, E. (1984). Household energy conservation: A review of the federal residential conservation service. Public Administration Review, 44, 421-430; Hirst, E., Berry, L., & Soderstrom, J. (1981). Review of utility home energy audit programs. Energy, 6, 621-630.

15 Stern, P.C., & Aronson, E. (Eds.). (1984). Energy use: The human dimension. New York: Freeman.

16 Larson, M. A. & Massetti-Miller, K. L. (1984). Measuring change after a public education campaign. Public Relations Review, 10, 23-32.

17 Pope, E. (1982, December 10). PG&E's loans aimed at poor miss the mark. San Jose Mercury, p. 6B.

18 Costanzo, M., Archer, D., Aronson, E., & Pettigrew, T. (1986). Energy conservation behavior: The difficult path from information to action. American Psychologist, 41, 521-528.

19 Costanzo, M., Archer, D., Aronson, E., & Pettigrew, T. (1986). Energy conservation behavior: The difficult path from information to action. American Psychologist, 41, 521-528.

20 Stern, P.C., & Oskamp, S. (1987). Managing scarce environmental resources. In D. Stokols, & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 1043-1088). New York: Wiley.

21 McKenzie-Mohr, D., Nemiroff, L. S., Beers, L., & Desmarais, S. (1995). Determinants of responsible environmental behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 139-156.

22 Oskamp, S., Harrington, M.J., Edwards, T.C., Sherwood, D.L., Okuda, S.M., & Swanson, D.C. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 23, 494-519; and Tracy, A.P., & Oskamp, S. (1983-84). Relationships among ecologically responsible behaviors. Journal of Environmental Systems, 13, 115-126.

Chapter 2: Uncovering Barriers to Behavior

1Sudman, S. & Bradburn, N.M. (1982). Asking questions: A practical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

2 National Recycling Coalition, 1727 King St., Alexandria, Virginia, 22314, (703) 683 9025, (703) 683 9026 fax; Recycling Council of Ontario, 489 College St., Suite 504, Toronto, Ontario, M6G 1A5, (416) 960 1025, (416) 960 8053 fax; The Waste Watch Centre, 16 Haverill St., Andover, Mass., U.S. 01810, (508) 470 3044.

3McKenzie-Mohr, D., Nemiroff, L.S., Beers, L. & Desmarais, S. (1995). Determinants of responsible environmental behavior, Journal of Social Issues, 51, 139-156.

Chapter 3: Commitment

1 Freedman, J.L., & Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202.

2 Freedman, J.L., & Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202.

3 Schwarzwald, J., Raz, M., & Zvibel, M. (1979). The efficacy of the door-in-the-face technique when established behavioral customs exist. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 576-586.

4 Sherman, S. J. (1980). On the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 211-221.

5 Greenwald, A.G., Carnot, C.G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318.

6 Lipsitz, A., Kallmeyer, K., Ferguson, M., & Abas, A. (1989). Counting on blood donors: Increasing the impact of reminder calls. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1057-1067.

7 Pliner, P., Hart, H., Kohl, J., & Saari, D. (1974). Compliance without pressure: Some further data on the foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 17-22.

8 Cialdini, R. B. (1993). Influence: Science and practice. New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers.

9 Moriarty, T. (1975). Crime, commitment, and the responsive bystander. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 370-376.

10 Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., & Costanzo, M.A. (1988). Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049-1066.

11 Shippee, G. E., & Gregory, W. L. (1982). Public commitment and energy conservation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 81-93.

12 Hutton, R.R. (1982). Advertising and the Department of Energy's campaign for energy conservation. Journal of Advertising, 11, 27-39.

13 Werner, C. M., Turner, J., Shipman, K., Twitchell, F. S., et al. (1995). Commitment, behavior, and attitude change: An analysis of voluntary recycling. Special Issue: Green psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 197-208.

14 Pardini, A.U., & Katzev, R.D. (1983-84). The effects of strength of commitment on newspaper recycling. Journal of Environmental Systems, 13, 245-254.

15 Pallak, M.S., Cook, D.A., & Sullivan, J.J. (1980). Commitment and energy conservation. In L. Bickman (Ed.), Applied Social Psychology Annual (pp. 235-253). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

16 Wang, T. H. & Katzev, R. D. (1990). Group commitment and resource conservation: Two field experiments on promoting recycling. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 265-275.

17 Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., & Costanzo, M.A. (1988). Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049-1066.

18 Stern, P.C., & Gardner, G.T. (1981). Psychological research and energy policy. American Psychologist, 36, 329-342.

19 Burn, S.M., & Oskamp, S. (1986). Increasing community recycling with persuasive communication and public commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 29-41.

20 Burn, S.M. (1991). Social psychology and the stimulation of recycling behaviors: The block leader approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 611-629.

21 Kraut, R. E. (1973). Effects of social labeling on giving to charity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 551-562.

22 DeLeon, I. G., & Fuqua, R. W. (1995). The effects of public commitment and group feedback on curbside recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 233-250.

Chapter 4: Prompts

1 Geller, E. S., Wylie, R. C., & Farris, J. C. (1971). An attempt at applying prompting and reinforcement toward pollution control. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6, 701-702.

2 Smith, J. M., & Bennett, R. (1992). Several antecedent strategies in the reduction of an environmentally destructive behavior. Psychological Reports, 70, 241-242.

3 O'Neill, G. W., Blanck, L. S., & Joyner, M. A. (1980). The use of stimulus control over littering in a natural setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 379-381.

4 Geller, E. S., Brasted, W. S., & Mann, M. F. (1979). Waste receptacle designs as interventions for litter control. Journal of Environmental Systems, 9, 145-160.

5 Luyben, P. D. (1984). Drop and tilt: A comparison of two procedures to increase the use of venetian blinds to conserve energy. Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 149-154.

6 Luyben, P. & Cummings, S. (1981-82). Motivating beverage container recycling on a college campus. Journal of Environmental Systems, 11, 235-245.

7 Houghton, S. (1993). Using verbal and visual prompts to control littering in high schools. Educational Studies, 19, 247-254.

8 Austin, J., Hatfield, D. B., Grindle, A. C. & Bailey, J. S. (1993). Increasing recycling in office environments: The effects of specific, informative cues. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 247-253.

9 Schwartz, J. (1990). Shopping for a model community, Garbage. May-June, 35-38.

10 To obtain more information about this initiative, contact the Central States Education Center, 809 South Fifth St., Champaign, Illinois 61820, (217) 344 2371.

11 Herrick, D. (1995). Taking it to the stores: Retail sales of recycled products. Resource Recycling

12 For additional information regarding the "Get in the Loop - Buy Recycled" campaign, contact: King County Commission for Marketing Recyclable Materials, 400 Yesler Way, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington, 98104, (206) 296 4439, (206) 296 4366 fax.

Chapter 5: Norms

1Asch, S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment. In M. H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership and men (pp. 117-190). Pittsburgh: Carnegie.; and Asch, S. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70 (9, Whole No. 416).

2 Nisbett, R. E., Borgida, E., Crandall, R. & Reed, H. (1976). Popular induction: Information is not always informative, Cognition and Social Behavior, 2, 227-236.

3 Aronson, E., & O'Leary, M. (1982-83). The relative effectiveness of models and prompts on energy conservation: A field experiment in a shower room. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 219-224.

4 Cialdini, R.B., Reno, R.R., & Kallgren, C.A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015-1026.

5 Hopper, J. R., & Nielsen, J. M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior: Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behavior, 23, 195-220.

6 Grasmick, H.G., Bursik Jr., R. B. & Kinsey, K.A. (1991). Shame and embarrassment as deterrents to noncompliance with the law: The case of the antilittering campaign. Environment and Behavior, 23, 233-251.

7Aronson, E. & O'Leary, M. (1982-83). The relative effectiveness of models and prompts on energy conservation: A field experiment in a shower room. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 219-224.

Chapter 6: Communication

1Stern, P.C., & Aronson, E. (Ed.). (1984). Energy use: The human dimension. New York: Freeman.

2 Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., & Costanzo, M.A. (1988). Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049-1066.

3 Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., & Costanzo, M.A. (1988). Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049-1066.

4 Burn, S.M. (1991). Social psychology and the stimulation of recycling behaviors: The block leader approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 611-629.

5 Kempton, W., & Montgomery, L. (1982). Folk quantification of energy. Energy, 10, 817-827.

6 Kempton, W., Harris, C.K., Keith, J.G., & Weihl, J.S. (1984). Do consumers know what works in energy conservation? In J. Harris & C. Blumstein (Eds.), What works: Documenting energy conservation in buildings (pp. 429-438). Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy.

7 Kempton, W., & Montgomery, L. (1982). Folk quantification of energy. Energy, 10, 817-827.

8 Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1975). An attributional analysis of the effect of communicator characteristics on opinion change: The case of communicator attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 136-144.

9 Craig, C.S., & McCann, J.M. (1978). Assessing communication effects on energy conservation. Journal of Consumer Research, 5, 82-88.

10 Davis, J. J. (1995). The effects of message framing on response to environmental communications. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72, 285-299.

11 Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

12 McKenzie-Mohr, D., & Dyal, J. (1991). Perceptions of threat, tactical efficacy and competing threats as determinants of pro-disarmament behavior. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 675-696.

13 Heckler, S. E. (1994). The role of memory in understanding and encouraging recycling behavior. Special Issue: Psychology, marketing, and recycling. Psychology and Marketing, 11, 375-392.

14 Oskamp, S., Zelezny, L., Schultz, P. W., Hurin, S., Burkhardt, R. & O'Neil, E. (1994). Commingled versus separated curbside recycling and long-term participation. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Psychological Association.

15 Jacobs, H. E., Bailey, J. S., & Crews, J. I. (1984). Development and analysis of a community-based resource recovery program. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 127-145.

16 Folz, D. H. (1991). Recycling program design, management, and participation: A national survey of municipal experience. Public Administration Review, 51, 222-231.

17 Aronson, E., & Gonzales, M.H. (1990). Alternative social influence processes applied to energy conservation. In J. Edwards, R. S. Tindale, L. Heath, & E. J. Posaval (Eds.), Social Influences, Processes and Prevention (pp. 301-325). New York: Plenum.

18 Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

19 Winett, R.A., Hatcher, J.W., Fort, T.R., Leckliter, I.N., Love, S.Q., Riley, A.W., & Fishback, J.F. (1982). The effects of videotape modeling and daily feedback on residential electricity conservation, home temperature and humidity, perceived comfort, and clothing worn: Winter and summer. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 381-402.

20 Winett, R.A., Leckliter, I.N., Chinn, D.E., Stahl, B., & Love, S.Q. (1985). Effects of television modeling on residential energy conservation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 33-44.

21 Darley, J.M. (1977-78). Energy conservation techniques as innovations, and their diffusion. Energy and Buildings, 1, 339-343.

22 Darley, J.M., & Beniger, J. R. (1981). Diffusion of energy-conserving innovations. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 150-171.

23 Rogers, E.M., & Shoemaker, F.F. (1971). Communication of Innovations (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.

24 Burn, S.M. (1991). Social psychology and the stimulation of recycling behaviors: The block leader approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 611-629.

25 Larson, M.E., Houlihan, D., & Goernert, P.N. (1995). Brief report: Effects of informational feedback on aluminum can recycling. Behavioral Interventions, 10, 111-117.

26 Seligman, C., & Darley, J. M. (1977). Feedback as a means of decreasing residential energy consumption. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 363-368.

27 DeLeon, I. G., & Fuqua, R. W. (1995). The effects of public commitment and group feedback on curbside recycling. Special Issue: Litter control and recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 233-250.

28 Rothstein, R. N. (1980). Television feedback used to modify gasoline consumption. Behavior Therapy, 11, 683-688.

Chapter 7: Incentives

1Cuthbert, R. (1994). Variable disposal fee impact. BioCycle, May, 63-65.

2 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. A municipal guide on economic instruments to support municipal waste management programs. Toronto, Ontario: Resource Integration Systems Ltd. (RIS).

3Recycling Council of Ontario (1996). Implementing garbage user fees in Ontario. Toronto, ON: Author.

4 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. ( A municipal guide on economic instruments to support municipal waste management programs. Toronto, ON: Resource Integration Systems Ltd. (RIS).

5Centre & South Hastings Recycling Board (1995). Blue Box 2000: Breaking 50. Trenton, Ontario.

6 Institute of Applied Research (1980). Michigan litter: After. Sacramento, California: Author.

7 Levitt, L., & Leventhal, G. (1986). Litter reduction: How effective is the New York State Bottle Bill?. Environment and Behavior, 18, 467-479.

8 Heberlein, T. A., & Warriner, G. K. (1983). The influence of price and attitude on shifting residential electricity consumption from on- to off-peak periods. Journal of Economic Psychology, 4, 107-130.

9 Heberlein, T. A. & Baumgartner, R. M. (1986). Changing attitudes and electricity consumption in a time-of-use experiment. In Monnier, E. et al., (Eds.), Consumer behavior and energy policy. New York: Praeger.

10 Stern, P. C., Aronson, E., Darley, J. M., Hill, D. H., Hirst, E., Kempton, W. & Wilbanks, T. J. (1985). The effectiveness of incentives for residential energy conservation. Evaluation Review, 10, 147-176.

11 Zuckermann, W. (1992). End of the road: From world car crisis to sustainable transportation. Post Mills, Vermont: Chelsea Green.

12Hart, S. I. & Spivak, A. L. (1993). Automobile dependence and denial: The elephant in the bedroom. Pasadena, California: New Paradigm.

13 Everett, P. & Watson, B. (1987). Psychological contributions to transportation. In D. Stokols, and I. Altman, (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology. New York: Wiley.

14Zuckermann, W. (1992). End of the road: From world car crisis to sustainable transportation. Post Mills, Vermont: Chelsea Green.

15 Geller, E. S., Winnett, R. A., & Everett, P.B. (1982). Preserving the environment: New strategies for behavior change. New York: Permagon.

16 Gardner, G. T. & Stern, P.C. (1996). Environmental problems and human behavior. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

17 Source unknown

18 De Young, R. (1984). Motivating people to recycle: The use of incentives. Resource Recycling, May-June, 14-15, 42.

19 Andy Shiiler, Capital Regional District, British Columbia, personal correspondence.

Chapter 8: Removing External Barriers

1 McKenzie-Mohr, D., Nemiroff, L. S., Beers, L., & Desmarais, S. (1995). Determinants of responsible environmental behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 139-156.

2 Zuckermann, W. (1992). End of the road: From world car crisis to sustainable transportation. Post Mills, Vermont: Chelsea Green.

3 Hart, S. I. & Spivak, A. L. (1993). Automobile dependence and denial: The elephant in the bedroom. Pasadena, California: New Paradigm Books.

4 Crosby, L.A., & Taylor, J.R. (1982). Consumer satisfaction with Michigan's container deposit - an ecological perspective. Journal of Marketing, Winter, 47-60.

5 Waterloo Residential Waste Reduction Unit (1992). Backyard composter/digestor participation pilot study. Waterloo, Ontario.